Mobile network
A mobile network is a wireless communication system that manages the transmission of voice calls and data between devices and their users. On this page, we’ll explain how communication via a mobile network works, which networks are available in Australia, and the differences between the various technologies.
What is a mobile network?
In essence, a mobile network consists of three different parts that ‘work together’: your device, a base station (often called a mobile tower), and an exchange. So, when you make a phone call, your mobile phone connects to a base station, which in turn contacts a telephone exchange. The exchange then connects your number with the person you are calling.
The SIM card or eSIM you receive when you order a SIM only plan, prepaid plan, or mobile broadband determines which network your device can access. The SIM or eSIM acts as a link between you and your provider and contains information about which services are included in your plan, as well as the phone number associated with it.
Do all providers have their own network?
No, not all providers own their own infrastructure. In Australia, there are three primary network owners: Telstra, Optus, and TPG/Vodafone. Smaller providers, known as MVNOs (Mobile Virtual Network Operators), wholesale access from one of these three.
Providers that share networks (Examples)
- Telstra Network: Boost Mobile (full network access), Belong, ALDI mobile, Woolworths Mobile (wholesale network).
- Optus Network: Amaysim, Coles Mobile, Moose Mobile, Dodo.
- TPG/Vodafone Network: Kogan Mobile, Felix Mobile, Lebara, iiNet.
The differences between 4G and 5G
By 2026, Australia has fully transitioned away from older “legacy” networks. We now rely on two main generations of technology:
4G (LTE)
4G, or LTE (Long Term Evolution), is the backbone of mobile communication in Australia. By using multiple frequency bands, the 4G network offers reliable coverage and solid speeds for browsing and streaming. 4G is roughly 10 times faster than the old 3G technology, with real-world speeds often reaching 100 Mbit/s.
5G
The latest generation is 5G, which is vastly superior to its predecessors in speed, response times (latency), and capacity. 5G uses higher frequency bands, including millimetre wave (mmWave), to provide fibre-like speeds over the air. Response times are as low as just a few milliseconds, making it perfect for online gaming and high-definition video. While theoretical top speeds reach 10 Gbit/s, average real-world speeds are typically between 250 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s depending on your location and provider.
Tip! On our dedicated 5G page, you can find out more about what you need to access the 5G network, which providers offer the best 5G coverage, and the difference between 5G SA (Standalone) and 5G NSA (Non-Standalone).
By 2026, 5G Standalone has become the standard across major cities. Unlike earlier versions, 5G SA doesn’t rely on 4G infrastructure, resulting in even faster ‘ping’ times and improved battery life for your device.
How does satellite technology complement mobile network coverage?
While traditional mobile networks rely on ground-based towers, Australia’s vast geography means that ‘black spots’ have historically been a challenge. By 2026, satellite-to-mobile technology has been integrated to complement these networks. Most modern smartphones can now connect directly to low-earth orbit satellites when you are outside the range of a standard base station, providing a crucial backup for calls and messaging in remote areas like the Outback.
What should you do if you experience network disruptions?
If you can’t connect or your data is slower than usual, there may be a service outage. All major Australian providers have service status pages on their websites. You can enter your suburb, postcode or state to check for unplanned disruptions or scheduled maintenance in your area.
If there are no reported outages, check your device settings. If you’re still having trouble, it’s time to contact your provider’s support team for a “tech refresh” or further guidance.
The 2G and 3G shutdown
In Australia, the phase-out of older technology is now complete. 2G networks were switched off by all Australian providers by 2017, and 3G networks were fully shut down by the end of 2024 (Vodafone in January, followed by Telstra and Optus in October 2024).
Why were these networks phased out?
- Spectrum refarming: Providers wanted to re-use the radio frequencies from 3G to make 4G and 5G faster and more reliable.
- Efficiency: Modern 4G and 5G networks are significantly more energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable.
- Performance: Older technology simply couldn’t keep up with the data demands of modern apps and video streaming.
What does the 3G shutdown mean for me?
Because the 3G network is now a thing of the past, you must use a device that supports 4G at a minimum. Specifically, your device must support 4G calling, also called VoLTE (Voice over LTE), to make and receive phone calls. If you have a very old mobile or an old mobile broadband router, you will need to upgrade to a 4G or 5G compatible model.
How to set up your network on iPhone
- Open Settings.
- Go to Mobile > Mobile Data Options > Voice & Data.
- Select 5G Auto or 4G.
- Ensure VoLTE is toggled on (if the option is visible) to ensure high-quality calls.
How to set up your network on Android
- Open Settings.
- Go to Network & Internet > SIMs > Preferred network type.
- Choose 5G (recommended) or 4G/LTE.
Note that menu names may vary slightly between brands like Samsung, Google Pixel, or OPPO, but the steps are generally the same.
How do you set up a network on a mobile router?
To switch a mobile broadband router to the 4G or 5G network, you usually just need to perform a factory reset or log into the router’s web interface. Most modern Australian mobile routers will automatically “handshake” with the fastest available network once a compatible SIM is inserted. If you have trouble, check your provider’s online support page for your specific model.
